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Contrasts between admitters and deniers of drug use. From Nigeria to Libya on cattle cars then to Italy by other means, but always controlled Prostitutes Grugliasco an organization of Italians specialized in trafficking in women for prostitution in Italy, in particular in Turin.

The interviewer incentive scheme was successful. However, to encourage interviewers to obtain the consent of as many patients as possible and to avoid the temptation to contact only those patients still attending the NHS treatment centres, the interviewer reward was changed slightly in the main study.

As treatment centre personnel had Prostitutes Grugliasco lower contact rate than external interviewers, it was decided that no more than half of the interviewers would be NHS treatment centre personnel, and that they would be assigned fewer patients compared to external interviewers. To overcome the difficulties encountered in contacting the patient in prison, a request for official authorization was sent to the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice sent a statement Prostitutes Grugliasco collaboration to all the prisons involved to facilitate the work of the interviewers.

Other changes were introduced: the monitoring forms were simplified accordingly to the comments provided by the interviewers; the Prostitutes Grugliasco in the questionnaire were re-ordered with questions about demographic characteristics at the beginning, and the Prostitutes Grugliasco intrusive ones e.

Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Italy among female drug addicts prostitution (with unprotected sexual intercourses) is more. Looking for a test and certification management solution for you business or organization? Gauge is a feature-rich testing and certification platform for.

Moreover, in order Prostitutes Grugliasco deepen the investigation into illegal activity, a twelfth section was developed that included questions about criminal activity and prostitution.

This section was Prostitutes Grugliasco a separate sheet, which was given to the patient to be completed and returned by regular mail.

A follow-up study of heroin addicts (VEdeTTE2): study design and protocol

The hope was that this procedure would encourage patients to answer honestly, without fear of legal consequences. This may be owing to the inconsistency between the length of the hair examined 2—4 cm corresponding to 2—4 months and the recall period in the questionnaire 30 days. Patients who had used drugs two or three months prior to the interview but not within the last 30 days would have screened positive and given a negative response on the Prostitutes Grugliasco.

This may be particularly relevant for cocaine use, which is sporadic compared to heroin dependence. On Prostitutes Grugliasco other hand, the fact that two patients reported heroin use on the questionnaire but screened negative may suggest that the biological Prostitutes Grugliasco lacks the power to detect sporadic drug use.

Moreover, even though all samples that screened positive were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, certain laboratory Prostitutes Grugliasco, such as false positives caused by contamination in the laboratory, Prostitutes Grugliasco have been more thoroughly addressed had there been more specimens.

This is unlikely to affect the final results in the VEdeTTE2 main study, as there were a large number of samples.

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In order to improve the results in the main study, only the two centimetres of hair nearest the root was tested and patients were Prostitutes Grugliasco about their drug use in the last two months.

In Italy, there have not been any Prostitutes Grugliasco follow-up studies of heroin addicts evaluating rehabilitation outcomes in the long term.

The Prostitutes Grugliasco of international data on long-term rehabilitation outcomes and the availability of a large sample such as the VEdeTTE1 cohort as a source of potential subjects were the reasons for undertaking Prostitutes Grugliasco follow-up study. Moreover, the VEdeTTE1 Prostitutes Grugliasco, because of its study design, could investigate the effect of different treatments and combinations of treatments on retention and mortality [ 38 ], but not on drug use.

The VEdeTTE2 follow-up study, which combines self-reported measures with the results of a biological sample, will provide a more reliable assessment of drug use and, therefore, is a good occasion for a thorough investigation into the effects of treatments on long-term drug use. The aim Prostitutes Grugliasco this paper is to describe the VEdeTTE2 study design and protocol, and to present the results of the pilot study underlining the changes to the instruments consequently implemented.

Moreover, the pilot phase was very useful in identifying possible causes of delays and attrition.

Sherri Pasian for her careful review of English.

For example, there were significant differences in the contact rates between the two types of interviewers, with more favourable results by external interviewers compared to treatment centre personnel. This could be probably due to differences in the availability of dedicated time between the two categories of interviewers. Study instruments contained some flaws, identified by the interviewers, which were consequently modified. Prostitutes Grugliasco self-reported drug use is a crucial item of a study aimed at measuring the use of substances.

For this reason, it is generally recommended to collect a biological sample Prostitutes Grugliasco order to Prostitutes Grugliasco a reliable measure of drug use.

This result confirmed the need to obtain Prostitutes Grugliasco hair sample from all patients. These results underline the importance of the pilot phase when planning a follow-up study, especially when heroin addicted are involved.

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FV-T and FM drafted the article and performed the statistical analysis in the pilot study. All authors provided comments to the draft and participated to the completion of the report. Sergio Pellegrino for his comments on the description of the procedure for the hair sample analysis, and Dr.

Sherri Pasian for her careful review of English. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. Published online Mar Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Federica D Vigna-Taglianti: ti. Received Jul 27; Prostitutes Grugliasco Mar Abstract Background In Italy, a large cohort study VEdeTTE1 was conducted between — to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments in reducing mortality and increasing treatment retention among heroin addicts.

Conclusion In drug addiction research, studies investigating health status and social re-integration of subjects at long-term follow-up Prostitutes Grugliasco lacking. The specific objectives of the pilot study were: - to assess the feasibility of the VEdeTTE2 study with regard to the effectiveness of contact procedures and patients' acceptance rate; - to compare the contact rate of external interviewers and NHS drug abuse treatment centre personnel; - to test the acceptability of study instruments questionnaire, biological sample, monitoring formfor both patients and interviewers; Prostitutes Grugliasco to evaluate Prostitutes Grugliasco reliability of self-reported drug use, Prostitutes Grugliasco comparison with hair test results.

Table 1 Pilot study tracing results, by sex and patient classification. Open in a separate window.

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Table 2 Characteristics of the 41 patients interviewed for the Pilot Study. Table 3 Heroin and cocaine self-reported use compared to hair sample test results. Biological sample Heroin Cocaine Self-reported drug use in the Prostitutes Grugliasco 30 days Positive Negative Positive Negative yes 14 2 9 0 no 4 11 12 10 Total agreement Competing interests The author Prostitutes Grugliasco declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors' contributions FV-T and FM drafted the article and performed the statistical analysis in the pilot study. Prostitutes Grugliasco prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment.

Prostitutes Grugliasco and survival in a cohort of heroin addicts from London clinics: a year follow-up study. Mortality and survival among a cohort of drug injectors in Glasgow, — The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates.

The quantification of drug cause morbidity and mortality in Australia, edition. Role Prostitutes Grugliasco drug abuse treatment in limiting the spread of AIDS.

The case for drig abuse treatment effectiveness, based on the DARP research program. British Journal of Addiction. Treatment for drug Prostitutes Grugliasco follow-up outcomes and length of time spent.

Prostitutes Grugliasco of General Psychiatry. Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: an overview of the DARP research program. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Reductions in acquisitive crime and drug use after treatment of addiction problems: 1-year follow-up outcomes.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Reductions in heroin use are not associated with increases in other drug use: 2-year findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study. Evaluating the impact of methadone manteinance programmes on mortality due to overdose and aids in Prostitutes Grugliasco cohort of heroin users in Spain. Long-term outcome of chronic drug use — The Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug Prostitutes Grugliasco. American Journal of Epidemiology.

A persistent rise in mortality among injection drug users in Rome, through American Journal of Public Health. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Reductions in criminal convictions after addiction treatment: Prostitutes Grugliasco follow-up. A year follow-up of narcotics addicts.

Archive General Psychiatry. Substance Use and Misuse. What's the price of Prostitutes Grugliasco research subject? Approaches to payment for research partecipation. New England Journal of Medicine.

Should we pay the patient? Review of financial incentives to enhance patient compliance. Hair analysis: self-reported use of Prostitutes Grugliasco and "ecstasy" compared with laboratory findings. J Forensic Sci. Comparison of patient self-reported Prostitutes Grugliasco urinalysis results obtained under naturalistic methadone treatment conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend.

Contrasts between admitters and deniers of drug use. J Subst Abuse Treat. Amount of self-reported illicit drug use compared to quantitative hair test results in community-recruited young drug users in Amsterdam. The girls were attracted by the promise of a new Prostitutes Grugliasco in Italy, far from the misery and suffering for the conditions of life suffered in their places Prostitutes Grugliasco origin.

Arrived in Torino and in the hinterland, they were segregated in the homes of their exploiters who immediately launched them to prostitution, obliging them - even behind the threat of nefarious events for them and their families, propitiated with voodoo rituals - to pay the proceeds of the illicit activity both to redeem identification documents stolen by the deception of a self-styled occupation, and to pay the monthly rent of the portion of the street occupied for prostitution.

The investigation made it Prostitutes Grugliasco to stop the exploitation Prostitutes Grugliasco seven people Prostitutes Grugliasco men and 3 women of five prostitutes in their early twenties, reduced to conditions of total sexual slavery on the streets of Rivoli, Grugliasco, Settimo Torinese and Moncalieri, whose number would certainly have been nurtured thanks to the solid contacts with the criminal organizations structured in Africa and dedicated to trafficking Prostitutes Grugliasco human beings.

Of the four Prostitutes Grugliasco who received the precautionary measure, two of whom were arrested in Turin, one Prostitutes Grugliasco already detained in a French prison for trafficking in drugs; the other, untraceable on the national territory, was located in Germany. Prostitutes Grugliasco both, the procedure for issuing a European arrest order was initiated. Of the three women, two of whom were arrested in Turin apartments, one was traced on board a train on the Naples-Venice line.

Upon arrival Prostitutes Grugliasco the railway station of Mestre Railway Station, he found the Carabinieri of the Investigation Units of Genoa and Venice waiting for her. Post a Comment.